Religion

Mawu-Lisa: The Dual God Who Created the World According to the Fon People

In the spiritual beliefs of the Fon people of Dahomey (present-day Benin), the universe was created not by a male god or a female goddess, but by Mawu-Lisa, a powerful deity embodying both feminine and masculine energies. Mawu and...

The Society for the Conversion of Negro Slaves: How the Bible Was Used to Enforce Obedience in the British West Indies

The Society for the Conversion of Negro Slaves was a British missionary organization established in the late 18th century, under the leadership of Anglican Bishop Beilby Porteus. Its primary aim was to replace African spiritual beliefs with Christian doctrines...

Anthony Bewley: The Texas Pastor Lynched for His Anti-Slavery Views in 1860

On September 13, 1860, a mob in Fort Worth, Texas, lynched a Methodist pastor named Anthony Bewley. His crime? He dared to oppose slavery in a state where even the faintest whisper of abolitionism could cost a person their...

“Slaves, Obey Your Masters”: How the Church Used the Bible to Break the Spirit of Enslaved Africans and Instill Docility

In the brutal world of slavery, where whips tore skin and families were auctioned, and bred like cattle, the most powerful weapon wasn’t always the lash, it was the Bible. Through sermons, laws, and redacted scripture, Christianity which was...

“Teach Them to Love Poverty”: King Leopold II’s 1833 Letter to Colonial Missionaries and the Mental Enslavement of Africa

In the year 1883, as European empires tightened their grip on Africa, King Leopold II of Belgium issued a letter to colonial missionaries that would later come to symbolize the most chilling fusion of religious evangelism and imperial conquest....

Odomankoma: The Omnipotent Creator of All Things According to the Akan People of Ghana

The Akan people of Ghana have a rich spiritual tradition that centers around a powerful triad of deities: Nyame, Nyankopon, and Odomankoma. Among these, Odomankoma stands out as the omnipotent creator of all things, the divine craftsman who shaped...

The Jesuits and Their Involvement in Slavery in the 18th Century

Every generation of humans somehow figured out ways to make God in their image. The heart of man is desperately wicked, and what better way to justify this than to have God on his side. In God's name, everything...

Ekwensu: The Igbo God of War Misrepresented as the Devil by White Missionaries

Ekwensu occupies a significant place in Igbo cosmology as the Alusi (deity) of war and trade. As a spirit associated with negotiation, bargains, and strategy, Ekwensu was both revered and feared for his ability to guide warriors in battle...

Roog: The Genderless God Behind the Serer People’s Mystical Creation Story

Among the Serer people of the Senegambia region, a profound creation story reveals a world brought into existence by Roog, a genderless and transcendent deity. Unlike many gods in global mythologies, Roog is both male and female, yet beyond...

Mwari: The Creator and Guiding Spirit of the Shona People of Southern Africa

The Shona people, one of the largest ethnic groups in Southern Africa, primarily inhabit Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and parts of South Africa. Renowned for their rich culture and spiritual beliefs, the Shona maintain a profound connection to their traditional religion,...
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From Stono to Nat Turner: These Are the 10 Most Explosive Slave Rebellions in U.S. History

Throughout the brutal centuries of American slavery, resistance was as common as the oppression itself. Enslaved Africans did not...
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